wefalck

Are you sure, you got your numbers right re. the ballast ? If all the ballast was water, you would need a volume of 650 dm^3 / 30 / 30 / 30 = 24 cm^3 at 1:30 scale or 24 g. Granit or gneiss, the predominant rocks in your part of the world, would have a bulk density of around 2.7 g/cm^3, which reduces to something like 2 g/cm^3 or less for loose rock. In other words you would need about 12 cm^3 space for the balast in the model.

Of course I also had one of those wooden toy sets. Otherwise I am not sure what came first. Probably the the Märklin construction set (the German version of Meccano), which did have a screw-driver and a spanner. Otherwise, when I was about seven or eight so my dad got fed up with me sneaking to his tool cabinet and I got a boxed tool-set for Christmas. I still have it and use some of the tools regularly, such as the fret- and hack-saw for instance. That means some 57 years of use. When we had to clear out my parents' house a few years ago, I took many of my das's old tools and some that originally even belonged to his dad in his navy times, I believe. Some of the tools look, as if they came out of set my father got, when he was a boy.

This has nothing to do with the actual subject of the thread, but I would second Allan's point. You may use copyrighted material in an 'educational' context in the sense that you can use images etc. in a lecture. Giving the slides in electronic format or as hand-outs to your students or pupils could be borderline, but is accepted practice. In order to use copyrighted material in formal publications (journals, books) requires the permission of the authors or the copyright-holders. I have been repeatedly in the bizarre situation wanting to re-use some graphics I drew for reports when being an UN staffer many years ago, that I had to ask the UN organisation for permission to do so. Although reading through posts may be educational, an Internet-forum is not an educational undertaking in the sense of the copyright. I guess using occasionally small snippets from graphics in a book etc. to illustrate a point would in most cases not violate the copyright and the economic interests of the copyright holder. At least not to a degree that would justify legal action. One could indeed argue that it may raise interest in obtaining (legally) the whole publication. The above applies to original artwork and other material that can be copyrighted. There is a bit of grey zone for material on which in principle the copyright has expired because the original copyright holder has been deceased for a certain minimum period that varies from country to country. Here in Europe it is 70 years and in the US 90 years I believe. Museums and archives holding these items may claim to have the copyright, because they have an economic interest in selling copies or licenses to use these copies.

... what did people do in those dark pre-Internet ages - experiment You didn't say, what the thickness of the material in question is, so answers can only be guesses. Clipping pieces off is likely to distort/squash the wood, so I would not clip too close, but leave perhaps half a millimetre standing and then sand it flush. Same with a cut-off disc, stay safely away and sand flush afterwards.

Have you ever sawn acrylic glass or styrene ?

The Hyuda, like the PROXXON, seems to use non-standard size blades. It needs blades with a 10 mm bore, while the standard would be 16 mm, if I am not mistaken. As always with machines, one needs to check the availability of the respective tools.

It is difficult to say here what the chicken and what the egg is, i.e. whether there are no shrouds to allow the flexibility of the lateen or whether the lateen is so flexible because there are no shrouds. However, functionally speaking, the presence of permanently set shrouds and backstays would impair the useability and flexibility of the lateen. The nautical terminology, particularly the English/Dutch/German one, we use to day was largely developed for northern European vessels. Thus categories such as sheets or braces are not very well adapted to the operation of lateen sails. From the pictures you posted above, one can see that there are various 'ropes' with with one can control the position of a lateen. In general the points at which these are belayed or fastened are not fixed, but can be moved around to suit the needs of the moment. The lateen can be used before the wind almost like a square sail, turning a sheet into a brace etc. If there were shrouds this would be difficult or would take a long time to arrange or dangerous.

We are talking here about two different maritime histories and tradtions that at some point began to merge, recognising each other's advantages and trying to take the most appropriate from both. Mediterranean (and Arab) vessels originally do not seem to have had permanently set shrouds and stays. Mast for the lateen or settee sails could be quite short, but had to be stout and were firmly set into mainly heavy hulls mainly built skeleton-first. Backstays or shrouds (in this case there is no clear distinction) were set 'flying', connected with toggles to the hull and tightened by sets of pulleys. Nordic vessels used square sails and in consequence required taller masts that had to be comparatively lighter and in consequence needed stays and shrouds. Nordic vessels tended to be built lighter and shell-first. At some stage in the North the value or need of sails set up permanently for use in longitudinal direction was recognised - as long as you had a single square sail you could set it up also longitudinally, particularly when there were also flying shrouds (as in the Viking ships for instance). When the rigs in the North became heavier and needed more support, this was not possible anymore. It would interesting to speculate why the lateen was adopted (from which the gaff-sails seems to have been derived) and not a standing lug. Anyway, this led to the problem of handling a sail, that was not conceived for being set on a permanently stayed mast - hence the question: inside or outside of the shrouds. Conversely, the polaccre rig was developed in the Mediterranean to have the advantages of square sails. The mast was made longer and now needed permanent stays and shrouds, leading to the same problem with the lateen sail. I gather many vessels in that region used flying shrouds and backtays for that reason. In some areas the sling that keeps the lateen at the mast is also use as flying backstay. When going about the sail is lowered and the sling is taken to the other side and then the sail is hoisted again, sometimes after taking it around to the other side too.

Sorry, didn’t read this carefully and had these decorative tapes used in the automotive industry etc. in mind. Cheap papers can be a long-term problem because of their acidity, but otherwise the tapes of gummed kraftpaper, old-time packaging tape, are useful too.

Keith, I am rather hesitant using any kind of 'tape' permanently on a model. Plastic tape contains a high amount of plasticisers and these plasticisers over the years will evaporate, rendering the remaining plastic brittle and making it shrink and crack.

Aren't these knives with a single bevel specifically used to make the incisions for inlays ? The bevel faces towards the wood to be lifted out, while the flat does not damage the adjacent wood that remains.

Thin paper strips, perhaps wrapped in several layers, and soaked in sanding filler is another option for those iron bands.

It is probably important to make distinction between a true 'lateen' rig and using a triangular sail on an inclined yard resembling a 'lateen' sail. In a true lateen rig, there are no shrouds and no stays. The halliard serves to raise the sail and as kind of backstay. The yard is held to the mast by a sling that is operated from deck-level. In fact most of the sail operation is done from deck level - the absence of shrouds and ratlines makes getting up the mast at sea quite an adventure. On Arab ships (which did not use lateen, but 'settee' sails that had four corners) seamen went up the yard like monkeys for reefing (there is a variety of photographic and literary evidence for this). Whether the sail was swung around the mast when tacking seems to have been a question of fashion and size or type of vessel. On some smaller and shallower craft this may have been a dangerous operation. Probably still the best source on handling lateen rigs is VENCE, J. (1897): Construction & manœuvre des bateaux & embarcations à voilure latine.- 139 p., Paris (Augustin Challamel Editeur, reprint Editios Omega, Nice). Not sure whether there is a digital copy on the Internet (I own a hardcopy). On the pictures below you can see the traditional arrangement of halliard and sling, albeit with modern materials, on small boats from the Albufera lagoon south of Valencia in Spain: Own images from https://www.maritima-et-mechanika.org/maritime/albufera/Boats-of-the-Albufera.html

Looks a bit like the knife that European leatherworkers and in particular shoemakers use.

Nice progress, indeed ! It seems that (pilot) boats of a similar hull form have been quite common around the Danish and Swedish waters of the Baltic. They are well-suited to the sometimes shallow waters with rocks or boulders sticking up and at the same time can carry a lot of sail (like modern sailing dinghies) due the broad beam - important for pilot boats. The museum in Helsingør has a big collection of plans, including pilot and toll boats.

Very nice indeed ! Are the rigging blocks a commercial product or home-made ! How big are they ?

Talking about sawing thin sheet-metal: many years ago I built a kind of POB model of a steam-tug by constructing the keel part and bulkheads from 0.5 mm and 0.25 mm brass sheet respectively. At that time it did not occur to me to laminate the brass onto some plywood (and I would have considered that wasteful, but was struggling even with the fine sawblades I had. I then discovered that putting the sawbladed upside down into the saw worked very well. I was joking about the copper pans in the pantry - I think one should not turn this kind of model into a floating dollhouse.

Is the joint tight and precise enough ?

Somehow it didn’t klick with me, that you started another log here. Daniels’ book seems to be widely used, indeed, in the trade. I don’t own a copy, but have a variety of other, mainly antiquarian books on watch- and intrument-making. I’ll have to watch this log then as well ...

OK, should wait then for the pinas. I was thinking of the many shell-first (or at least part-shell), were there isn't a hard chine. Think of all the Nordic boats from the middle ages on or the Arab dhows, where builders plank up the shell up to around the chine and then start putting the timbers in. All is done by eye, using only an inclinometer to measure the angle of each strake. I was thinking of the pure technical process of construction, not of the design process based on some formulae. I am curious to see then how this determines the shape from that perspective.

Now you have to do the copper pots for the pantry as well

What kind of stove ?

Technically speaking, not historically, there should not be a link between the building method as such and the presence or otherwise of a chine. In both, carveel and clinker planking, one can introduce an angle between two consecutive planks. What is technically possible, however, does not tell you what was done. You obviously could only rule out a feature, if it is technically not possible.

I couldn't agree more !

Me culpa, of course, you are right ! Sometimes my native German gets in the way. There cleat = Klampe.