Art of period shipbuilding

[Tadeusz43]

Hi,

Construction of a replica of the 17th century ship De 7 Provincien  has a long history.

Works started in 1995 in Batavia Werf in Lelystad but due to severe technical problems that work was completely wrecked.

In 2008 again started the construction of the ship but in 2014 work stopped because to lack of funding.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_ship_De_Zeven_Provinci%C3%ABn_%281665%29

 

Tadeusz

 

Construction site in Spring 2003

 

Construction site in August 2015

 

Edited October 22, 2015 by Tadeusz43

[popeye2sea]

Does it look very lightly timbered to anyone else?

[mtaylor]

It also looks like there's a few steel beams and frames... although those might just be jigs.

[Tadeusz43]

Hi,

Masts.

Masts on boats and small ships was made from single timber (pine or spruce).

On larger vessels masts was assembled from few timbers for

obtain required diameter as also reinforced by external woods

named fish.

The fish was installed on front or/and on sides of masts .

All this structure was hold together with rope wooldings or later with iron hoops.

 

Tadeusz

 

Mast making in Batvia Werf

Batavia mast with woolding  Batavia

Mast crosstrees  Batavia

Mast cap continental style andmast top  Batavia

Topmast heel  Batavia

Mast wooldings

Iron hoops and front fish Jylland

Rope wooldings  and front fish Gotheborg

Mast with fishes anr iron hoops Victory

Edited October 24, 2015 by Tadeusz43

[Tadeusz43]

Hi,

Fixing mast on the ship.

Mast are fixed  in the desk with wooden wedges.

For make this joint watertight is used tarred canvas cover named mast coat.

 

Tadeusz

 

Mast partners at deck Batavia

Bowsprit support Batavia

Bowsprit double gammoning Batavia                                             Bowsprit coat Batavia

Fore mast and bowsprit arrangement Victory

Mast  partners at deck Gotheborg

Bowsprit double gammoning Gotheborg

 Bowsprit single gammoning Sthandard                          Bowsprit double gammoning La Grace

[Tadeusz43]

Tops

The construction of platforms fitted on mast tops were changed during the centuries from „baskets” or round platforms with high guard rails up

to the end of 17^th century. 

In 19^th century tops was made as flat platforms supported on crosstrees.

Tops was used as access to topmast sails as also battle station for archers,

gun shooters or even small cannons.

 

Tadeusz

 

Lisa von Lubeck (15^th century)

Neff Victoria (beginning of16^th century)

Golden Hind (end of 16^th century)

Halve Maen  (beginning of 17^th century)

Vasa (beginning of 17^th century)

Spirit mast top Batavia

Batavia  (17^th century)

Shtandard (beginning of 18^th century)

Amsterdam (18^th century)

La Grace (18^th century)

Gotheborg (18^th century)

Victory ( 18^th century)

Bounty ( end of 18^th century)

Warrior (19^th  century)

Jylland (end of 19^th century)

 

Passat (beginning of 20^th century)

[Mirabell61]

Thank you Tadeusz,

 

for sharing all those lovely Pictures, it`s been a delight to go through them

 

Nils

[JPZ66]

Tadeusz,

 

Thank you so much for this continuing effort and wonderful posts ! All of it has been a fascinating view of ships and ship building. Very highly interesting !!

 

-Joe

[Tadeusz43]

Yards Part 1

 

Bounty wtih furled sails

 Main topgallant yard Bounty

Driver boom jaws Bounty

Main topsail and main yards Bounty

Mizen yard, crossjack, boom and gaff Bounty

Yards in Batavia Werf workshop

Yards in Historic Dockyards  workshop in Portsmouth(UK)

Spirit sails yards Batavia

Yard with hemp rope  jackstay Batavia

Spirit sails yards Gotheborg

Bonaventure mizzen yard, parral and halyars  Gotheborg

 

 

[Tadeusz43]

Yars Part 2

 

Main course yard parral  Batavia

Main course yard parral Amsterdam

Yard with halyard and sling Victory

Topsail yard with halyard and parral Victory

Crossjack and gaff jaws on mizzen mast Victory

Main mast yards Jylland

Yard with iron rod jackstay  and studding sails boom Jylland

Iron mast & yards Passat

Iron yards and truss Passat

Spanker boom Passat

Spanker gaff and topsail gaff Passat

Iron yards Kruzenstern

 

 

 

Edited November 15, 2015 by Tadeusz43

[Tadeusz43]

Hand made blocks in workshop of Batavia Werf.

Workshop

Stages of block making

                          Stropping a blocks.                              Tools used for serving a rope ( on right)

Primary tooling

Final tooling

The blocks after impregnation with linseed oil

Deadeyes

 

Tadeusz

[Tadeusz43]

Rigging

Standing rigging Part 1

Channels and chain plates

Channels was installed on ships from the end of 15th century up to half of the 19th century.

It was the place of securing the lower ends of the shrouds and sometimes the backstays.

The lower deadeyes were attached to the hull by iron chains or rods called chain plate.

 

Neff Victoria

Vasa                                                               Halve Maen

Amsterdam

Batavia

Bounty

Gotheborg

Etile du Roy ( ex Grand Turk)

Shtandadrt

Victory

Jylland

Warrior 1860

 

Tadeusz

[Tadeusz43]

Shrouds

Lisa von Lubeck. Sheer poles on lower part of main mast shrouds

Nef Victoria. Fore mast shrouds anchored to the deck.

Amsterdam. Shroud seizing and lanyards.

Amsterdam. Lower shrouds on main mast head and catharpins with futtock stave.

Amsterdam. Main mast head and futtock shrouds and topmast shrous.

Gotheborg. Main mast head and topmast shrous.

Batavia. Spirit topmast shrouds

Sheer pole and rat lines.

Victory. Shroud seizing and lanyards.

Victory. Lower shrouds at topmast and catharpins.

            Bounty. Main mast with lower, topmast and topgalant shrouds.

Passat. Wire rope shrouds of fore mast anchored to the bulwark with rigging screws.

Passat. Wire rope shrouds of main mast  anchored to the deck with rigging screws.

[marinero]

Hello Tadeusz I want to thank you for all the hard and great work you put into this post. I have learned a lot from it. Please keep going

[Tadeusz43]

Stays

Hemp ropes.

In period of use hemp ropes main stay was the thickest rope in ship standing rigging. Formula gave by Wolfram zu Mondfeld in “ Historic Ship Models” says:

For modelers purpose diameter of main stay is determined as 0,166 of

the diameter of the main mast at the deck.

Diameters of other ropes in standing and running rigging are proportionately smaller.

 

Batavia. Main stay lanyard and collar.

Batavia. Main stay collar.

Batavia. Fore stay lanyard.

Gotheborg. Main stay and preventer stay lanyards

Gotheborg. Mizen stay and preventer stay lanyards.

.

Gotheborg. Fore stay and preventer stay lanyards

Gotheborg. Fore stay and preventer stay lanyards.   Gotheborg.Bobstays and bowsprit shrouds

Gotheborg. Main stay, preventer stay and crowsfeet at mast top

Victory. Main stay and preventer stay lanyards. Stays snaked.

Victory. Stay and prevetner stay at topmast.

Victory. Fore stay and prevetner stay lanyards. Stays snaked.

Victory. Bobstays and bowsprit shrouds.

[Rick01]

Is there a rule/formula to give the number of shrouds required for any given mast? I'm looking at illustrations of HM Lady Nelson and a contemporaneous model on NMM clearly shows five including a possible backstay whilst an engraving at about the same period seems to indicate seven with possible backstays included.

 

Rick 

[dgbot]

Thank you for the history lesson and the photos I really appreciate the work you put into it.

David B

[Tadeusz43]

Hi Rick,

The shrouds was installed as pair of ropes.

Number of pairs of the shrouds depend of period and vessel size as also of vessel origin.

The number of pairs of the shrouds increased over the years from one to three pairs in the 14th century to 12 and more in the 15th and 16th centuries. On some ships were installed even 18-20 pair of the shrouds.

At the beginning of the 17th century number of pairs want began to be reduced and for the largest ships amounted to 9-11 on main mast, 8-18 on foremast and 2-4 on mizzen.

See: "Historic Ship Models" by Wolfram zu Mondfeld

 

Tadeusz

[Tadeusz43]

Stays

Wire ropes.

HMS Warrir 1860. Wire ropes rigging. Early period of wire rope rigging.

Kruzenstern.One of last existing windjammers

HMS Warrior. Main stay lanyard. Two stays was fitted port and sterboard.

HMS Warrior. Fore stay and fore stay preventer lanyards.

HMS Warrior. Mizzen stay and preventer stay.

Passat. Mizzen stay and mizzen topmast stay.Stays was made as double .

Passat .Main mast stay and main mast topmast stay.

Kruzenstern. Mizzen stay and mizzen topmast stay

Kruzenstern. Main mast stay and main topmast stay.  Passat. Fore mast stays anchored at bowsprit.

HMS Warrior. Martingle stay and bowsprit rigging.

Dar Pomorza (1909). Bowsprit rigging. Chains in use.

Kruzenstern. Bowsprit rigged with iron bars.

 

 

 

Edited November 13, 2015 by Tadeusz43

[Rick01]

Tadeusz, thanks for your answer re shrouds and the reference book  "Historic Ship Models" by Wolfram zu Mondfeld.

This will help me immensely.

 

Rick

[Tadeusz43]

Running rigging

Hemp rope rigging

Gotheborg.Fully rigged and seaworthy

Gotheborg. Partly furled sails and most important lines.

Shtandard. Fore top sail.

Top and royal yards rigging

Gotheborg.Mizzen lateen sail rigging.

Sthandard. Mizzen lateen sail rigging.

La Glorie. Mizzen gaf sail rigging

Bonty. Mizzen gaf sail boom with sheets.

Sthandard. Mizzen lateen sail yard with rigging

Batavia. Parral.

Batavia. Main sail yard hlyard with ramshead block

Gotheborg. Crowsfeet wit euphore.

La Grace.

 

 

[Tadeusz43]

Running rigging

Wire ropes in running rigging.

 Wire ropesi in running rigging was used on beginning of 20^th century.

In such period was constructed the last cargo sailing ships famous Windjammers.

Wire ropes was used as halyards, yard lifts and brass.

For their winding serve special winches with hand power or even steam power.

Wire ropes was also used for “standing" parts of running rigging e.g. pendants.

Useful information for modelers:

http://pages.swcp.com/usvmyg/squarerig/sq2.htm

 

Kruzenstern                                                                            Passat

Kruzenstern

Passat

[Tadeusz43]

Rope belaying

Small size ropes are belayed with belaying pins, which are plugged into pin rails.

Pin rails can be situated on bulwarks on the ship side or made as the fife rails

around mast.

Belaying pins are made of wood or metal.

On the ship is used one only diameter of pins with diameter is of thickest rope used in rigging.  

Excess of belayed rope is coiled and hanged on the pin.

Ropes with bigger diameter are belayed on cleats, kevels, bollards or riding bitts

Wissemara.

Gotheborg. The ship is fully rigged and seaworthy.

Jylland. The ship is not seaworthy and running rigging is significantly reduced

Jylland. Basket for rope excess.

Kruzenstern. The ship is fully rigged and seaworthy.

Passat. The ship is not seaworthy and running rigging is significantly reduced

Victory. The ship is not seaworthy and running rigging is significantly reduced

Warrior. The ship is not seaworthy and running rigging is significantly reduced.

Bounty

Kevels ( staghorns )

Amsterdam

Vasa

Batavia

Warrior

Victory

 

Cleats

Gotheborg.

Gotheborg. Shroud cleats.

Ridding bitts

Batavia Ridding bitts on lower deck for mooring lines and anchor cable.

Victory. Ridding bitts for anchor cable.

 

Tadeusz

 

 

 

 

 

[Tadeusz43]

Cannon tackles

 

Guns placed on  guns carriages  were equipped with tacks enabling them to

 go back for loading  - train tackles, and return to the position for a shot –gun tackles.

The breeching it was thin rope seized to the cascabel or to the gun carriage.

Purpose of the breeching was to absorb  the recoil of the gun when it was fired.

Pivot guns was equipped with tackles for change it position.

Vasa Museum Stockholm

Marine Musem in Kalskrona (Sweden)

Jylland

Marine Museum in Gdańsk (Poland)

Gotheborg

Victory

Batavia

Warrior

 

[Tadeusz43]

Pumps

Pumps are very important ship equipment and was used for emergency  ship dewatering as also for deck washing and fresh water pumping in to the galley.

Emergency pumps was located on the deck above waterline with suction from ship bottom near keelson and discharge to the pumpdale scuppers or directly to the deck.

 

Elm tree pump is oldest type of ship pumps.

Vasa - reconstruction

Batavia

Asterdam

Victory

Chain pump has bigger capacity and  was introduced in British Navy in beginning of 18^th century. Not was used in the Continental fleets.

Chain pump accompanied by elm tree pump

Chain pump handles and chain wheel on pump head

Chain pumps discharge to the gundeck

Pump suction tubes in the well near the main mast feet.

Victory

Crosshead pump introduced in 19th century.

Jylland

Flywheel pump introduced in 19th century.

Rotary action of flywheel was changed into oscillating movement with crankshaft

Jylland

Marine Museum in Stockholm

Cutty Sark

[Altduck]

Tadeusz

 

I want to thank you for posting this collection of detail photos.  Very helpful for a newcomer like me to see good, clear pictures of how these things were done on the various ships.

 

Richard

[mtaylor]

I'll add this to the pumps.... The French had a another way of "manning the pumps"..   see video.

 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-qoLpcyFfU

[Tadeusz43]

Dear colleagues,
Thank you for your kind words about my work, but my stock images on ships and their construction is limited and not very long runs out.

I had a dream…
Because I see that collect photographic information on this subject can be interesting and useful to propose joint creation

 ShippediA The Free Encyclopedia period ships and their construction

Many of us live near  where the maritime museums and museum ships, and can take pictures of interesting passages in their construction and equipment, maybe they want to share them with our community.

What do you think about this proposal.

 

Tadeusz

[Tadeusz43]

The capstan & windlass

 

Wissemara

Kamper Kogge

Roland von Bremen

Vasa

Amsterdam

Batavia

Gotheborg

Bounty ( base of capstan looks like it was out of period)

Victory

Warrior

Jylland

Kruzenstern

Passat The windlas was powered from capstan situated above on forecastle deck.

Passat  The capstan and bulwark winch

[Bobstrake]

Tadeusz,

 

I can't thank you enough for your generosity in sharing these photos. They show wonderful detail and diversity.